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Background For Melatonin, the pineal gland hormone, also known as the neuroendocrine hormone, influences angiogenesis by exerting a positive effect on fibroblast, monocyte, and cytokine proliferation. Formulation and study of characteristics of gelation-based Melatonin sponge crosslinked with fructose using the surfactant foaming and freeze-drying method for wound healing application was the objective of our study. The structure of the formulated gelatin sponge was observed using a scanning electron microscope and showed to have abundant and uniform pores. Characteristics were studied using digestibility test, water uptake test, porosity measurement test, moisture uptake test, tensile strength test, folding endurance test, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and drug entrapment efficiency analysis. Results The obtained data showed that the formulated sponge had good mechanical properties, water uptake, and water retention capacities. In animal experiments, histological and macroscopic observations showed that wounds covered by gelatin loaded with a Melatonin sponge healed quickly. Conclusion The formulated sponge was a potential wound healing material having suitable physical, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The graphical abstract is shown in Figure 1.

Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major respiratory pathogen, has been isolated from peri-implant sites and is associated with dental implant failure. This in-vitro study (part 1) aimed to fabricate a novel mucoadhesive silver nanoparticle-based local drug delivery chip, evaluate its antimicrobial efficacy against P. aeruginosa, and its safety for the treatment of peri-implantitis. Materials and methods Silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The local drug delivery chip was fabricated using gelatin, glycerol, silver nanoparticle solution (2.5 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 7.5 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml), glutaraldehyde, and sodium alginate solution. These chips were evaluated for physical parameters, effect on viability of murine macrophage cell line J774A.1, and antimicrobial activity (using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method with 18 h incubation period) against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Results Silver nanoparticle antimicrobial chip exhibited dimensions of 4 mm × 5 mm x 0.4 mm, 5.8 mg weight, pH 5–6, folding endurance 1.04, and one-year stability. P. aeruginosa was susceptible to ≥ 7.5 μg/ml concentration of silver nanoparticles (spherical shape with particle size ranging from 10 to 100 nm). Murine macrophage cells exhibited 93% viability after 24 h incubation with silver nanoparticle chips. Conclusion The novel silver nanoparticle chip showed dimensional stability, minimal effect on murine macrophage cell viability, and significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. With the further establishment of its effective dosage and safety, this chip could be used as an adjunct to mechanical debridement (as a non-aerosol generating procedure) in treating peri-implantitis, especially during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Polylactic acid is a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester derived from renewable polysaccharides. In this work, softwood fibers were used to reinforce the paper sheet made from polylactic acid fibers, thus addressing the challenges regarding low density, rough surface, and weak strength. The impact of wood fibers and calendering on the physical properties (density, roughness, tensile strength, and folding endurance) of the composite paper were identified. Furthermore, the morphology of papers with different fiber contents and those that had been calendered was characterized with a scanning electron microscope. The use of wood fibers resulted in the improvement of the physical properties of the polylactic acid paper, and the enhanced refining of wood fibers had a favorable role in improving paper density, smoothness, and mechanical strength. The tensile index increased 37.9% when the beating degree of wood fibers increased from 25 to 60 °SR. After calendering, the density, smoothness, tensile strength, folding endurance, and air barrier property of the paper were improved 60.2%, 45.8%, 15.5%, 148.1%, and 79.4%, respectively. The calendering-based papermaking process involving the combined use of wood fibers and polylactic acid fibers would be a promising strategy for designing composite materials for tailorable end-uses.

The objective of the current work is to formulate and evaluate the mouth dissolving film of domperidone. It is ideally suitable for the treatment of emesis. The mouth dissolving film of domperidone is useful in the vomiting through the journey. Mouth dissolving films were formulated by the solvent casting technique and its in-vitro as well as the in-vivo evaluation was done by the usual pharmacopoeial and unofficial tests and by using human volunteers. The main benefit of the preparation technique includes fewer operation units, better content consistency. The mouth dissolving film formed was found to be disintegrated in 1 minute. The ratio of components in the aqueous phase affected the thickness, drug content, tensile strength, percentage elongation, folding endurance, and release profile of mouth dissolving film and the best results were obtained for the HPMC E15 and polyethyleneglycol. The compatibility between domperidone and excipients was confirmed by FTIR and DSC studies. The developed mouth dissolving film of domperidone demonstrated usefulness for fast release of drug in mouth, for better drug utilization, and improved patient compliance. The optimized formulation, due to low HPMC E15 content, has optimum tensile strength and thickness. Formulation F8 containing HPMC E15 and PG showed a cumulative % drug release of 95.10 at the end of 12 minutes. HPMC E15 films showed higher cumulative % drug release than films of other HPMC E grades at different concentrations. It was found to be stable during the accelerated stability study. The effect of different concentrations of polymers and plasticizers on in-vitro evaluation parameters was evaluated. Hence, data showed that formulation F8 was the most suitable for the development of fast dissolving oral films of domperidone.

In this study, a series of chitosan-sepiolite (CS-SEP) nanocomposites films were prepared by using a conventional solution casting method. The effect of sepiolite on physicochemical and biological properties of the prepared nanocomposite films was studied by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) to name a few. In WCA measurements, the decrease of contact angle from 78.51° (CS) to 71.29° (CS7SEP3) reaffirms the water holding nature of sepiolite, which enables to create moist environment essentially required for wound healing. Further, addition of sepiolite tremendously increased WVTR, folding endurance, porosity, and blood clotting ability of the prepared nanocomposites. Furthermore, CS-SEP nanocomposite films exhibit better antibacterial activity than that of chitosan against gram positive (B. subtilis) and gram negative bacteria (E. coli). Moreover, the percentage of hemolysis and degradation study indicated that the prepared nanocomposite films were non-hemolytic in nature and decomposed nearly 40% in four weeks. In addition, cytotoxicity assay showed that the prepared nanocomposite film i.e. CS7SEP3 exhibited better cell viability and cell proliferation rate against L929 mouse fibroblast cells as compared to CS and hence, the prepared nanocomposite film can be used as a promising candidate for wound management.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to extract Phytochemical constituent from Cinnamon Bark and to design and develop the transdermal patch of the herbal drug along with modern medicine Glibenclamide using solvent casting method to reduce the dose required to obtain same pharmacological the effect, also to reduce the toxicity of the drug. Methods: The Glibenclamide Transdermal patches were formulated by using the solvent casting method. The physical and chemical similarity of the medication and the base of patches were studied by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The outcomes recommended no physical and chemical properties incongruence between the medication and the patch base. The formulated transdermal patches were assessed for the weight difference, fatness, folding endurance, wetness, moisture captivation, ex vivo drug release, ex vivo drug absorption. Results: The diffusion examines were performed by utilizing the Franz diffusion cell and everted gut sac method. The best formulation F5 showed Thickness 0.230±0.009mm, Weight uniformity 0.170±0.021gm, % Moisture uptake 8.307±1.00 Moisture content 5.045±0.214, % Drug content 80.80±0.091, Folding endurance27±4.50. Formulation F5 exhibits the highest % cumulative drug release 67.90±1.01% in 8hrs and highest %Drug absorbed 4.263±0.41 in 120 min. Conclusion: It can be concluded the formulation no. F5 shows maximum bioenhancing action compared to all other patches which contains Glibenclamide along with the Ethanolic extract of the Cinnamon bark.

As the most frequently used archival materials for painting and recording, paper lays the groundwork for the development of prosperous human civilization. However, its susceptibility to three primary factors including external ultraviolet light, increased acidity, and biological pathogens in long-term storage shortens the longevity of paper. Therefore, the protection of paper-based cultural relics is extremely urgent. Inspired by the three adverse factors affecting the protection of cultural relics, we herein propose to combine the ultraviolet absorber 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone (UV-531) and alkaline zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles innovatively into the antibacterial agent polyhexamethylene biguanidine hydrochloride (PHMB) to realize the strategy of three birds with one stone for relics protection. This study illustrates that the tensile strength and the folding endurance of different test papers are guaranteed by coating them with the composite reagents, and molds including Mucor, Trichoderma, and Aspergillus niger are effectually sterilized. In addition, a hand-painted Chinese ink-wash painting with beautiful flowers is chosen as the object for simulating cultural relics protection, and negligible color fading is observed in aging experiments. From the perspective of effectiveness, simplicity, and economy, this strategy sheds light on preservative protection of paper-based relics in long-term storage.

Natural yellow plant dyes and traditional medicines were used widely on historical papers in ancient China for religious reasons and conservation considerations. This study aims to evaluate some traditional yellow botanical sources of dyes that contain different chemical colorant compositions in order to understand their effects on the properties of traditional handmade paper. The physical and chemical changes in paper specimens treated with plant dyes were studied by examining properties such as the color, pH, thermogravimetric (TG) characteristics, tensile strength, folding endurance and microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that different colorants had different toning effects and that the main components, including carboxyl and ketone groups, could affect the paper stability at high temperatures. The results also revealed that the mechanical properties of paper specimens were improved after treatment with plant dyes. The significant improvements in the tensile strength and folding endurance and the slightly higher decomposition temperature of Amur cork tree-dyed paper could be ascribed to the strong interaction between the colorants’ main components and the fibers. The scientific evaluation of the property changes is therefore valuable information for weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the various yellow toning materials for paper conservation treatment.

Mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form for a successful oral drug delivery, which provides unique advantages for various applications such as treatment of periodontal disease and postdental surgery disorders. The aim of this study is to synthesize a novel multifunctional mucoadhesive buccal patch in a multilayer reservoir design for therapeutic applications. The patches were fabricated through simultaneous electrospinning of chitosan/poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA)/ibuprofen and electrospraying of phenylalanine amino acid nanotubes (PhNTs) containing metronidazole into the electrospun mats through a layer-by-layer process. An electrospun poly(caprolactone) (PCL) was used as an impermeable backing layer to protect the mucoadhesive component from tongue movement and drug loss. Buccal patches were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and also evaluated in terms of physicomechanical parameters such as pH, weight, thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, and mucoadhesive properties. The swelling index of the patches was examined with respect to the PVA/chitosan ratio. The effect of genipin addition to the electrospinning solution was also studied on mucoadhesive and swelling properties. The cell viability of buccal patches was assessed by methylthiazolydiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide test on L929 fibroblast cell line. The patch with an optimal amount of mucoadhesive polymers (PVA/chitosan 80:20) and crosslinking agent (0.05 g) indicated an ideal hemostatic activity along with antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The synthesized multifunctional mucoadhesive patch with a novel composition and design has a great potential for oral therapeutic applications.

The potential of alkaline cellulo-xylanolytic enzymes from non-pathogenic Bacillus subtilis strain was tested for deinking of photocopier waste paper. Cellulase and xylanase play a crucial role in deinking of different types of waste paper. Partial purification of cellulo-xylanolytic enzymes was carried out using ultrafiltration followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The ultrafiltered enzyme was used for deinking the photocopier waste paper along with chemical deinking. An enzyme dose of 0.6 IU/g and reaction time of 60 min for ultrafiltered cellulo-xylanolytic enzyme significantly increased deinking efficiency, tear index (9.52%) and folding endurance (5±2%) as compared to chemical deinking. There was improvement in strength properties such as tear index and double-fold along with freeness of pulp (18%). There was slight decrease in tensile index (0.6%) and burst index (16%) while ISO brightness remained unaffected. Enzymatic deinking (74.3%) by ultrafiltered cellulo-xylanolytic from Bacillus subtilis was found significant over conventional chemical deinking.

Although the quality by design (QbD) approach is widely used to develop pharmaceutical products and to consistently ensure and improve product quality, studies on this approach for transdermal patch systems (TPSs) are limited. Due to the various advantages such as reducing invasiveness, avoiding first-pass metabolism, and improving convenience and compliance, the TPS is an appealing dosage form for pharmaceutical product development. This study investigated the quality target product profile (QTPP), critical quality attributes (CQAs), and critical material attributes (CMAs) of a TPS for QbD. The justification for this approach is presented, comparing standards from regulatory agencies and some implementations of CQAs and CMAs with data from various related literature and pharmacopeias. The QTPP elements were generally as follows: dosage form and strength, shelf life, pharmacokinetics, and drug product quality attributes. The CMAs were as follows: drug (partition coefficient, particle size and shape, polymorph, melting point, solubility, pH, and ionization), pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) (viscosity, adhesive type, cold flow, and molecular weight), and other excipients (permeation enhancers, crystallization inhibitors, rate-controlling membranes, and solvents). The CQAs were as follows: physicochemical tests (assay, moisture content, folding endurance, tensile strength, and water vapor permeation), adhesive properties tests (peel adhesion, tack, and shear adhesion), in vitro tests (drug release, drug permeation), impurities and degradation products of drug, and skin irritation test. This study suggests that a QbD approach to TPS development can reduce risk, improve product quality, and consistently produce quality results.

The liquid extract of antihypertensive herbs could reduce blood pressure equivalent to Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg based on research conducted in “Hortus Medicus” clinic, Tawangmangu, Central Java, but parameters of herbal medicine taste, design, and packaging had the lowest scores. Transdermal patch was chosen as an alternative to resolve those problems. Polymers determined the effectiveness of the active substance release from the formula. Patch was formulated from combination of hydrophilic hydroxy methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethylcellulose natrium (CMC-Na) polymer which would produce a fast release profile. The objective of this research was to study the kinetics models of total flavonoid release and to study the total number of flavonoids released from the antihypertensive herbs patch for 5 hours, as well as to determine the optimum formula for observing the weight, pH and loss on drying. Herbs were infused with distilled water at 90 ° C for 15 minutes, filtered then evaporated. Release kinetics model used a modified type-5 dissolution apparatus equipment with a cellophane membrane. The optimum proportion of HPMC and CMC-Na was 220:180 mg. Patch was dark brown, circle shaped, moist and flexible. It had pH value of 7.29 ± 0.09, folding endurance of >350, and thickness of 0.64 ± 0.05 mm. The average percentage of total flavonoids released from the matrix patch was 37.23% for 5 hours. The release kinetics followed the Higuchi kinetics model with a diffusion mechanism.

Diabetic foot difficulties are the most usually occurring problems globally, resulting in economic disasters for the patients, families, and society. In patients with diabetes, the risk of emerging foot ulcers is 25% high. It has also been in the record that one lower limb amputation occurs every 30 seconds in patients with diabetes worldwide. Novel methods of drug delivery and wound dressing have to develop to solve the lower limb amputation crisis. One such novel method is "Lyophilized wafer formulation." It is an upcoming medicated dressing material that can enhance wound healing and the potential to ingest vast quantities of exudates from Chronic wounds. That can have been formulating by lyophilizing hydrogel of absorbent polymers such as Calcium Alginate, Carrageenan, Thiolated Chitosan, and plasticizer to enhance flexibility withstand the day to day mechanical stress, covered with some adhesive and protective backing layer. Unless it passes evaluation tests such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Exudate handling property, Folding endurance, In-vitro, In-vivo drug release profile, and Gamma-irradiation sterilizes wafer formulation, and it should not administrate directly. Lyophilized wafer formulation will be the most acceptable medicated dressing material in the future that will be useful to treat the normal wound. The wound formation because of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) infections as there will be site-specific delivery of the drug, packed with an advantage to self administer and easy termination of the drug that can achieve just by removing the wafer case of drug toxicity.

Usage of cellulosic nanofibers, starch-nanocellulose, and polyacrylamide-nanocellulose hybrid systems were investigated for the replacement of imported long bleached kraft fibers in the production of durable papers. In this study, imported softwood kraft pulp was added to cotton pulp at four levels. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) prepared from chemimechanical pulp was added to cotton pulp at a 5% level with optional 1% cationic starch or 0.1% cationic polyacrylamide. Comparative tests were done without NFC at three levels of either cationic starch or cationic polyacrylamide. For each condition, 80 gm-2 handsheets were made, and the physical, mechanical, and optical properties of the paper were compared. The results showed that increases of NFC yielded higher surface smoothness, tensile strength, resistance to bursting, tearing energy, folding endurance, yellowness, and opacity. It also reduced brightness and porosity whether added singly or in combination with cationic starch or polyacrylamide. Increasing cationic starch also increased surface smoothness, tensile strength, resistance to bursting, and folding endurance, but paper opacity was reduced. The field emission-scanning electron microscopy results showed that increased NFC reduced porosity, the paper surface became smoother, and the pores were relatively filled. Finally, the combined treatment of 5% NFC and 1% cationic starch is introduced as a suitable combination.

Background Present investigation for research was to develop matrix-type transdermal drug delivery system of flurbiprofen (FBP) with the various ratio of matrix polymers (hydrophilic and hydrophobic), the concentration of plasticizer and natural penetration enhancer by Box–Behnken statistical design to investigate the combined outcome of selected independent variables for effective management of rheumatoid arthritis. The influence of a binary mixture of polymers, plasticizer and penetration enhancer on physicochemical considerations including thickness, tensile strength, percent elongation, weight variation, percent moisture content, percent moisture uptake, water vapour transmission rate, folding endurance, drug content, in vitro drug dissolution study and then ex vivo drug permeation study was evaluated. Results The study demonstrated that the tensile strength of films improved by matrix polymer ratio and to a slighter gradation in the rise of plasticizer and natural penetration enhancer. Ex vivo drug permeation study was accompanied via excised porcine skin as a permeation barrier in Franz diffusion cell. Ex vivo drug permeation study indicated that matrix polymer ratio (HPMC K15M:ERL100) at 3:1 and natural penetration enhancer (d-limonene) at highest concentration 7.5% w/w containing formulation FBPT7 delivered maximum flux and supplementary improved the permeation of drug. The result of the skin irritation test revealed that the developed formulation is free from any type of skin irritation effects like erythema and oedema. Conclusion Based on the findings of this research, it can be established that a well-controlled release and very effective skin penetration of the drug was accomplished by the film FBPT7 in the existence of permeation enhancers for prolonged periods.

The papermaking potential of Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) waste fibers was studied in this research. Alpha cellulose, lignin, hollocellulose, ethanol/benzene extractives and ash content were determined as 53.7±0.1%, 2.4±0.3%, 61.6±5.7%, 7.1±0.3% and 26.4±0.1%, respectively. The average fiber length, width, lumen and cell wall thickenss were found to be 1.1±0.3 mm, 18.8±6.1µm, 12.1±5.4 µm, 4.3±1.0 µm. Soda pulping was conducted using 20 and 28% sodium hydroxide, cooking temperatures of 160 and 175 °C, cooking times of 60 and 120 min, and liquor- to fiber ratio of 9:1. Soda pulping with 28% sodium hydroxide, 175 °C and 120 min showed a lower Kappa number of 29.60±1.7 and a total yield of 32.2±1.6 %. In general, tensile strength index (36.0±5.0 Nm/g), stretch (1.7±0.3%), breaking length (3.7±0.5 km), burst index (3.2±0.4 KPa.m2/g), tear index (7.3±0.0 mN.m2/g), folding endurance (166 times) and porosity (> 120 s) of OFI pulp were comparable with wood and non-wood pulps.

Flavonoids belong to the comprehensive category of polyphenols and namely flavon-3-ols (flavonols, anthocyanins, isoflavones, flavanones and flavones) are found in plant sources. Quercetin, rutin and silibinin exhibit numerous pharmacological spectrum but it has hurdles like poor aqueous solubility, rapid clearance and poor penetration potential attribute to reduced clinical usage. Hence the aim of this research is to design and evaluate of antimicrobial and wound healing activities of dual loaded flavones nano formulations scaffold with chitosan-based film by nanopreception techniques. The prepared film was subjected characterization studies such as physical appearance, thickness, weight variation, folding endurance and water absorption capacity in addition was to evaluate anti-microbial activity of dual loaded flavones nano formulation film by well diffusion method and skin irritation study performed as per OECD 406 guide lines. The prepared duo loaded flavonol scaffold chitosan film employed with in-vivo wound healing activity in excision wound model. Results revealed that chitosan film scaffold with quercetin and rutin nano formulations and film scaffold with quercetin and silibinin nano formulations showed significant zone of inhibition when compared with control group. Acute skin irritation study revealed that the film scaffold with quercetin and rutin nano formulations and film scaffold with quercetin and silibinin nano formulations shows no adverse event such erythema and skin irritation. It was further found that all three groups showed decreasing of wound area from day to day. However, on 14th day, control group showed 75.91% wound healing, whereas the quercetin and silibinin group showed 84.75% wound healing. On the other hand, Quercetin and Rutin Group showed appreciable wound healing activity of 90.70%. Hence Chitosan scaffold film with quercetin and rutin nano formulations has enhanced wound healing and re-epitheliasation activity.

Ranitidine Hydrochloride is a histamine receptor antagonist used to treat ulcers of the stomach and intestine. It is also used to treat erosive esophagitis, gastro esophageal disease or GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The present research work was aimed to design, develop and evaluate fast dissolving oral films of ranitidine hydrochloride for oral or buccal delivery. The films were prepared using different polymers like HPMC, SCMC by solvent casting technique. The fast dissolving oral film evaluated for folding endurance, swelling index, surface pH, drug content, drug polymer compatibility (IR Study), and in-vitro drug release. The physical appearance of the films were clear, colorless with smooth surface without any scratches and folding endurance properties were found to be good. The surface pH of all films was found to be in the range of 6. 5 to 6.75 which is close to salivary pH, which indicates that films may have less potential to irritate the oral mucosa. The drug content of all the films was in the range of 94.1 % to 99.03% suggesting that drug was uniformly dispersed throughout all films. Hence it can be inferred that the fast dissolving oral film of Ranitidine Hydrochloride may produce the rapid action thereby improving bioavailability and enhance the absorption by avoiding the first pass effect.

Asymmetric contacts were used to assemble extremely photosensitive and self-powered photodetectors (SPDs) on rigid and polyimide (PI) substrates based on one-dimensional (1D)-CdS nanobelts. The photoresponse characteristics of the constructed devices were outstanding, including high photosensitivity (1.54 × 106%), specific detectivity (2.36 × 1012 Jones), responsivity (36 mA W−1) and noise equivalent power (2.94 × 10−15 W Hz−1/2) with 215 μW cm−2 light irradiation, as well as having high reproducibility, environmental stability and speedy response of less than 30 ms. Flexible self-powered photodetectors (FSPDs) were also constructed on PI substrates, which had comparable photoresponse performance to the rigid one. Additionally, the as-fabricated FSPDs showed excellent folding endurance, electrical and mechanical flexural stability. Our findings suggest that the asymmetric contact device design used in this study is appropriate for high-performance FSPDs, particularly ultrafast nanodevices.

The current study aims to the preparation and assessment of novel oral mucoadhesive multiple-unit mini patches (MMMP) of lansoprazole (LAN) for extended-release. MMMP of LAN in enteric-coated capsules were prepared and evaluated using chitosan in combination with xanthan gum, guar gum, tragacanth or acacia in the ratios of 19:1, 9:1, 4:1, 1.5:1 and 0.66:1 employing 2% acetic acid as a solvent for chitosan, purified water as a solvent for natural gum polymers and glycerin 0.12 mL as a plasticizer. The prepared films (0.5 mm dia) were filled into hard gelatin capsules which were enteric-coated. The prepared MMMP were characterized for surface texture, thickness, folding endurance, moisture content, moisture uptake, mucoadhesive strength, drug content uniformity, In vitro drug release and accelerated stabiliity studies. The SEM photographs showed the rough to smooth pattern of surfaces of patches. The thickness of MMMP found between 43.62±0.27 and 49.53±0.11 mm; mean weight was between 13.81+0.14 and 14.94+0.15 mg; a percentage of swelling was between 215±5.39 and 473±6.72; moisture content was between 1.04±0.06 and 2.67±0.24; mucoadhesion was found between 5.5+0.2 and 12.3+0.6 h and the drug content was found between 95.08±3.42% and 99.16±4.73% for all formulations.

The present study deals with the formulation of mucoadhesive bilayered buccal film of lidocaine hydrochloride and benzydamine hydrochloride for treatment of oral ulcers (aphthous stomatitis). Eudragit-RLPO and Ethyl cellulose were used as film forming polymers and low viscosity grade hydroxyl propyl cellulose as a mucoadhesive agent. Solvent casting method was adopted for film formation. The film was evaluated for content uniformity, tensile strength, folding endurance, swelling, mucoadhesive strength, ex vivo mucoadhesive time and in vitro drug release. The films were characterized for DSC and FTIR. The film showed acceptable film properties and muco-adhesion. The formulation showed predictive drug release, i.e. 80 in 2, 4 and 6 h respectively. In-vitro drug release study revealed that a combination of Eudragit and Ethyl cellulose was required for better control of the drug release. The DSC and FTIR study confirmed drug-drug and drug–excipient compatibility. Keywords: Bilayer film, Eudragit-RLPO, Ethyl cellulose, Muco-adhesion, Extended drug release.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to formulate and investigate amlodipine besylate loaded polymeric micelles and their effect on enhancing transdermal permeation of the poorly water-soluble drug via transdermal films. Methods: Pluronic F127 and Pluronic F68 polymers were chosen to prepare micelles in different drug - polymer ratios. Prepared formulations were characterised for surface morphology, micelle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, loading efficiency, percentage drug weight in micelles and stability. Optimized amlodipine micelle dispersions were incorporated into hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100 and polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 transdermal films prepared by the solvent casting method. These films were evaluated for thickness, percentage weight variation, folding endurance, moisture absorbance, percentage drug content, ex vivo permeation and in vivo skin irritation. Results: Selected micelle formulations had the desired vesicle size, homogeneity and stability. Scanning electron microscopy show spherical vesicles. Micelle incorporated transdermal films were smooth, flexible, translucent and mechanically strong. The ex vivo skin permeation studies reveal that the flux of amlodipine besylate from the micelle incorporated transdermal films was significantly higher than that containing the free drug, confirming the drug solubilizing effects of micelles. Reconstitution of micelles from optimized films revealed that the original characteristics of the micelles were intact. Studies in Wistar rats showed that the prepared transdermal films were free of irritation potential when evaluated by the Draize dermal irritation scoring system. Conclusion: Beside their solubilizing effect, Pluronic micelles could be useful as novel drug carriers for enhancing transdermal permeation of Amlodipine besylate and thus its bioavailability.

In China, alum-gelatin aqueous solution is historically used to prevent falling off of mineral pigments from paintings and to enhance strength of their paper matrices in the restoration process. However, after a long period of time of preservation, alum-gelatin aqueous solution applied to paintings will hydrolyze and produce free acid, which accelerates aging. To resolve this issue, instead of using alum-gelatin aqueous solution, here we report a new method of using a water-borne fluoropolymer coating to protect paintings. This coating is applied to simulated paintings, and their influences are systematically examined on the antipeeling property of pigment, mechanical properties, thermal stability, chromaticity, surface morphology, and water contact angle. Our results show that the applied coating slightly affects the appearance of the painting without falling off of pigment observed. Moreover, the coating increases the tensile strength and folding endurance of the paper because the polymer fills into the porous structure of paper fibers and covers pigment particles from SEM analysis. The treated painting retains moderate hydrophilicity, which facilitates removal of degradation substances from the paintings by water cleaning and the subsequent mounting procedure. Moreover, this coating is successfully applied to repairing a set of real ancient Chinese paintings of Yuan Dynasty (1271∼1368 A.D.), with practical acceptance. Our work provides a facile yet effective solution to conservation of ancient paintings by applying the modern fluoropolymers.

Background The study aimed at the formulation of atorvastatin-loaded chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite bioscaffolds and determination of its wound-healing activity on animals. Hydroxyapatite was prepared from the biowaste eggshell cross-linked with calcium chloride and loaded with atorvastatin. The prepared bioscaffold was characterized for physicomechanical properties, morphological studies, differential scanning calorimetry, and in vitro drug release study. In vitro antibacterial activity was determined using the agar diffusion method, and in vivo wound-healing activity was evaluated using the excision wound-healing model. Results Results exhibited that bioscaffold containing 1:1 ratio of chitosan to hydroxyapatite (Hac1) with calcium chloride of 1.5 g (Hbc3) and loaded with atorvastatin (Hcc3) showed effective physicomechanical properties, i.e., thickness (60 μm), swelling behavior (68%), folding endurance (101), tensile strength (0.0283 Mpa), and burst time (1.9 s). Hcc3 scaffold was highly effective and exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (3.2 cm), Staphylococcus aureus (3.0 cm), Escherichia coli (3.5 cm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7 cm). The group treated with Hcc3 scaffold was significant in healing wounds by showing 100% wound contraction. Conclusion It can be concluded from the study that atorvastatin-loaded chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite bioscaffolds may be a significantly more effective scaffold in healing excision wounds.

In this study, we investigate the chemical, physical and optical properties of cellulose paper irradiated by an electron beam for disinfection. Cellulose chain scission and oxidation induced by radiation increased considerably at 25 kGy irradiation, whereas folding endurance, morphology, and crystallinity did not undergo significant changes. The cellulose chain scission rate of paper irradiated under air-dried and wet conditions showed no difference; however, cellulose oxidation increased to a higher degree in paper irradiated under wet conditions than under air-dried conditions. Electron beam irradiation did not significantly affect changes in paper color, which is associated with oxidation. However, when irradiated papers were aged, the color difference increased according to the irradiation dose, as the oxidized functional groups of cellulose can act as a trigger for color change. A linear relationship between the cellulose chain scission rate and irradiation dose was found; thus, the cellulose chain scission rate can be predicted for a specific dose. The degree of polymerization was calculated from the predicted cellulose chain scission rate using the Ekenstam equation. According to the prediction, the degree of polymerization decreased to 74% at a dose of 5 kGy, a suitable dose for paper disinfection. In the low-dose range, electron beam irradiation did not adversely affect the physical properties of paper, but significant changes occurred in both the chemical and optical properties of paper. Thus, electron beam irradiation may be of use in disinfecting severely degraded paper due to biological factors; however, the irradiation process diminishes paper permanence.

The study aimed to formulate hydrocolloid dressings incorporated with nano calcium oxide for effective wound healing. Hydrocolloid dressings create an insulated, moist environment in the wound bed for controlling the exudate and promoting autolytic debridement. Calcium ions play an important role in wound response and are considered to be an initial trigger in our immune response to healing, and research has shown that Ca2+ in the external medium is essential for wound repair. Seventy five parts per million of nano calcium oxide (NCO) obtained by thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate at 450 °C was used in the preparation of hydrocolloid dressings along with varying concentrations of micronized xanthan gum and HPMC. The dressings were evaluated for their surface characteristics, thickness, mechanical properties, folding endurance, pH, viscosity, swelling studies, water vapor transmission, and in vivo wound healing activity. The average particle size of NCO was found to be 307.8 nm. The SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis of the dressing revealed a porous surface and EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) characterization showed intense peaks of calcium and oxygen. The formulated dressings possessed uniform thickness, flexibility, and mechanical strength. The percentage of wound contraction was higher in wounds treated with formulated hydrocolloid dressings in comparison to standard commercial product (DuoDERM® hydrocolloid dressing) and control (untreated) group. The wound healing properties of hydrocolloid dressings were confirmed by histopathological analysis. Nano calcium incorporated hydrocolloid dressings with enhanced wound healing activity were developed successfully.

Ketotifen fumarate, a mast cell stabilizer, and salbutamol sulfate, a bronchodilator, are frequently prescribed together for chronic asthma. This study aimed to combine both anti-asthmatic drugs in single polymeric responsive matrix type transdermal patches. Drug release from polymeric device was optimized by varying ratios of hydrophilic (polyvinyl pyrrolidone) and hydrophobic (ethyl cellulose) polymers. Propylene glycol was used as plasticizer and solvent system including mixture of chloroform and methanol. Physicochemical evaluations like thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, tensile strength, content uniformity and % moisture absorbance of developed patches were carried out. Developed patches were also subjected for in vitro release of drugs, and formulation of P6 with equal proportion of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and ethyl cellulose found optimized formulation with respect to release rate of both drugs. 76.49% of ketotifen fumarate and 77.49% of salbutamol sulfate were released from P6, and release of both drugs sustained up to 24 h. In the next step, permeability enhancers like Tween 20, isopropyl myristate, eucalyptus oil and span 20 were added to the formulation P6 and subjected to in vitro permeation study on Franz diffusion cell using rabbit skin. Results of in vitro permeation study revealed that transdermal patches with permeation enhancers permeate the significant amount of drugs in comparison with the formulation without enhancer.

Objective To formulate and assess bucco-adhesive films of propranolol hydrochloride for pediatric use. Methods Different films were formulated adopting mucin, polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan and carbopol. A drug/polymer compatibility study was conducted adopting differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The prepared films were physically investigated for variation of weight, propranolol content, thickness, surface pH, proportion of moisture, folding endurance and mucoadhesion. In vitro drug release study and kinetic analysis of the corresponding data have been conducted. The optimized formulation was selected for a bioavailability study using albino rabbits and adopting a developed HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were calculated following administration of the optimized film and the corresponding marketed oral tablets to albino rabbits. Key finding The compatibility study revealed the absence of drug/polymer interaction. The film formulations had suitable mucoadhesive and mechanical properties. The optimized formulation exhibited reasonable drug release that followed Higuchi diffusion pattern. The calculated AUC0-8h presented an enhancement in the bioavailability of propranolol hydrochloride from the selected film formulation by 1.9 times relative to the marketed propranolol oral tablets. Conclusion These findings support that propranolol hydrochloride bucco-adhesive film can be considered as a proper effective dosage form for pediatric delivery.

Bentonite and polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin were added sequentially as a binary system to improve the properties of the paper, especially the wet strength. The results showed that the dry tensile index, the wet tensile index, and the folding endurance of the paper could be improved with only the use of polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin. However, a binary system of polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin and bentonite was more effective. When 0.8% polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin and 0.75% bentonite were added, the dry tensile index, the wet tensile index, and the folding endurance of the paper increased by 37.8%, 2780%, and 281%, respectively, when compared to the control sample. The measurements of the water retention value and the percent fines retention of the pulp showed higher values after being treated with the binary system than being treated by polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin alone. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that a binary system of polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin and bentonite could increase the combination of fibers in paper.

Objective: To overcome the limitations of fast dissolving tablets, a novel fast dissolving film of ebastine was formulated for attaining quick onset of action, aiding in the enhancement of bioavailability favorable in severe conditions of allergies. Methods: Films of ebastine were prepared by the solvent casting method using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E-15, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K-4 as a film base with different concentrations of crospovidone as superdisintegrant and polyethylene glycol-400 as a plasticizer. Further physical characteristics such as uniformity of weight, thickness, and drug content uniformity, tensile strength, folding endurance, percentage elongation, surface pH, disintegration and in vitro drug release were evaluated. Results: The optimized formulations with film base hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E-15 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K-4 containing 8% crospovidone showed 99.34 % and 97.42 % of maximum cumulative percentage release respectively exhibiting first order kinetics. However, no significant change was observed in stability studies. Conclusion: The concept of formulating fast dissolving films of ebastine offers a suitable approach in exhibiting rapid onset of action with improved delivery.